Zvinofadza chokwadi nezvekutakura midziyo

Dzinouya muhuwandu hwehukuru, asi dzinowanzozivikanwa ndeye 20 uye 40 tsoka kureba.

Indasitiri yemazuva ano yekutakura midziyo ine chikwereti chakawanda chekubudirira kwayo mukumisikidzwa kwemidziyo.

Midziyo yekutakura inouya muhukuru hwakati wandei, asi maviri saizi akajairika mafiti makumi maviri uye 20 tsoka pakureba. Pane zvikonzero zvinoverengeka zveiyi standardisation:

Kushanda: kuenzanisa saizi yemidziyo inonatsiridza zvakanyanya kugona kwekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu. Zviteshi, marori, zvitima, uye zvikepe zvemabhokisi zvakagadzirirwa kubata midziyo yehukuru chaihwo. Kusaenderana uku kunofambisa nzira yekufambisa, kunoderedza kudiwa kwetsika yekubata michina, uye inomhanyisa kutakura kutakura zvinhu.

Intermodal kuenderana: saizi yemidziyo yakajairika inowirirana nemhando dzakasiyana dzekufambisa, kusanganisira marori, zvitima, uye ngarava. Iyi intermodal kuenderana inovimbisa kuti midziyo inogona kuchinjika zvisina mutsetse pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzekufambisa pasina kuda kuendesa zvirimo.

Stacking uye Kuchengeta: Makoniya anowanzo kurongedzerwa uye kuchengetwa mumayadhi emidziyo kana pangarava dzezvikepe. Saizi dzakajairwa dzinoita kuti zvive nyore kurongedza uye kuchengetedza midziyo nemazvo. Saizi dzakasiyana kana midziyo isiri-yakajairwa inogona kuomesa maitiro ekuisa uye kukonzeresa kusakwana mukuchengetedza nekufambisa.

Indasitiri Adoption: Kutorwa kwemidziyo ye 20-foot uye 40-foot sezviyero zveindasitiri kwatungamira kune hupfumi hwehukuru. Vagadziri vanogadzira aya masaizi emidziyo muhuwandu hukuru, zvichiita kuti dzisadhure kugadzira nekutenga.

Cargo Flexibility: Nepo 20-tsoka uye 40-tsoka midziyo ndiyo yakajairwa saizi, ivo vachiri kupa kuchinjika maererano nehukuru hwekutakura. Mabhizinesi anogona kusarudza saizi yemidziyo inonyatsoenderana nezvavanotakura, vachiona kuti nzvimbo inoshandiswa nemazvo uku ichideredza nzvimbo isina chinhu uye mari yekufambisa.

Chibvumirano chepasi rose: Sangano reInternational Organisation for Standardization (ISO) rakagadzira saizi dzemagaba akajairwa muISO 668. Chibvumirano ichi chepasi rose chinobatsira kuona kuenderana uye kuenderana mukutengeserana kwenyika.

Nepo 20-tsoka uye 40-tsoka midziyo ndiyo yakajairika saizi, kune misiyano uye yakakosha midziyo yakagadzirirwa mhando dzekutakura zvinhu. Semuyenzaniso, kune macontainer akareba-cube akareba kudarika macontainer emazuva ese, mafiriji ekutakura zvinhu asinganzwe tembiricha, uye macontainer akavhurika pamusoro pekutakura zvinhu zvakakurisa. Iyi misiyano inopa kumwe kuchinjika kugonesa akasiyana mitoro zvinodiwa uku uchichengetedza mabhenefiti ekumira.

Vanokuchengetera mari yakawanda, uye ungasatomboziva.

Kutumirwa kweContainer kwaita basa rakakura mukudzikisa mutengo wezvinhu zvevatengi.

Kushanda zvakanaka kwekutakura midziyo kwakadzikisa mitengo yekufambisa, zvichiita kuti zvigadzirwa zvigadzirwe mune imwe nzvimbo yepasi uye kutengeswa mune imwe nemitengo inokwikwidza.

Mabhokisi ekutakura akaita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza nekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika nezvikonzero zvakati:

Kubudirira uye Kuchengetedza Mutengo: Kusati kwaiswa midziyo, zvinhu zvaitakurwa zvega mungarava, maitiro anozivikanwa sebreak-bulk shipping. Izvi zvaida kushanda nesimba, zvaidya nguva, uye zvaidhura. Containerization inobvumidza kurodha uye kurodha zvakanaka kwemidziyo yakamisikidzwa, ichideredza zvakanyanya mutengo wevashandi uye nguva dzekufambisa.

Intermodal Transportation: Makombi akagadzirwa kuti afambiswe zviri nyore pakati pengarava, marori, uye zvitima pasina chikonzero chekuburitsa nekurongedza zvirimo. Iyi intermodal chimiro chekutakura midziyo inogadzirisa maitiro ekugadzirisa zvinhu, zvichiita kuti ikurumidze uye inodhura-inoshanda.

Globalization: Containerization yakagonesa kudyidzana kwepasirese nekuita kuti zvikwanisike mune zveupfumi kutakura zvinhu munzendo refu. Vagadziri vaigona zvino kugadzira zvinhu mune rimwe divi renyika vozvitumira nyore nyore kumisika iri kure nezviuru zvemakiromita, vachiwedzera mikana yekutengeserana uye yeupfumi.

Economies of Scale: Kushandiswa kwengarava hombe dzemidziyo inotenderwa hupfumi hwemwero. Sezvo ngarava dzaikura mukukura, mutengo pabhokisi raitakurwa wakadzikira, zvichiwedzera kuderedza mutengo wekutakura zvinhu. Izvi zvakaita kuti mabhizinesi akwanise kuwana zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa kubva kune yakakura huwandu hwevatengesi nemisika.

Just-In-Time Inventory: Kutumirwa kweContainer kwakatsigira kuvandudzwa kweiyo ichangoburwa-mu-nguva yekuverenga sisitimu, uko mabhizinesi anogona kuchengetedza mashoma ekuisa mazinga uye achivimba nekugona kwekutakura kwemidziyo kudzorera nekukurumidza pazvinenge zvichidikanwa. Izvi zvinoderedza mitengo yekuchengetera zvinhu uye inosunga mari shoma mukutenga.

Yakaderedzwa Kuba uye Kukuvadza: Midziyo yakavharwa uye yakachengeteka, zvichideredza njodzi yekuba uye kukuvadzwa panguva yekufambisa. Kuvimbika uku kwakawedzera chivimbo muhurongwa hwekutumira uye kwakabatsira kuderedza mari yeinishuwarenzi yekutakura.

Kuvandudza Infrastructure: Kukura kwekutakura kwemidziyo kwakatungamira mukudyara kwakakosha muzvivakwa zvechiteshi, matangiro ekufambisa, uye zvivakwa zvine chekuita nekutakura. Izvi zvakapawo mabasa uye zvakakurudzira kusimukira kwehupfumi mumatunhu akawanda.

Mitengo Yevatengi Yakaderera: Mari inochengetedzwa kuburikidza nekutakura zvinhu zvakashandurwa kuita mutengo wakaderera wekutakura zvinhu. Izviwo zvakakonzera kuderera kwemitengo yezvinhu zvevatengi, zvichibatsira vatengi pasi rose.

Kuwedzera Kwekutengeserana: Containerization yakafambisa kutengeserana pakati penyika, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekutenga nekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Kutengeserana uku kwakawedzera hakuna kungosimudzira upfumi hwenyika imwe neimwe asi kwakabatsirawo mukukura kweupfumi hwenyika.

Kukwikwidza Kunobatsira: Mabhizinesi akagashira kutakura midziyo akawana mukana wekukwikwidza nekudzikisa mari yekufambisa uye nekuvandudza kugona kwavo kwekutengesa. Izvi zvakavabvumira kupa mitengo yemakwikwi uye kuwana misika mitsva.

Anosvika mamirioni mana emidziyo anogadzirwa gore rega rega

Nhamba dzekugadzirwa kwemidziyo yepasi rose dzaisiyana gore negore asi dzaiwanzova muchikamu chemamiriyoni matatu kusvika mana emidziyo inogadzirwa gore negore. Huwandu uhu hunogona kuchinjika zvichibva pazvinhu zvakaita sekuda muindasitiri yekutumira, mamiriro ehupfumi, uye kutsiviwa kwemidziyo yekare neitsva.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekutakura kwakabatana zvakanyanya kune zvinodiwa neindasitiri yekutumira yepasirese. Vagadziri vemaContainer, vanonyanya kuwanikwa munyika dzakaita seChina, South Korea, neVietnam, vanogadzirisa mazinga avo ekugadzira kuti asangane nezvinodiwa.

Ngarava yekutanga yemidziyo yakatangwa muna 1956, inguva refu yapfuura!

Ngarava yekutanga yemidziyo, "Ideal X," yakaita rwendo rwayo rwekutanga muna 1956.

Yakatakura midziyo 58 kubva kuNewark, New Jersey, kuenda kuHouston, Texas. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwenguva yekutakura midziyo.

Iyo Ideal X ingarava ine nhoroondo inowanzonzi ndiyo yekutanga ngarava ngarava. Rwendo rwayo rwekutanga muna 1956 rwakaratidza kutanga kweshanduko yemidziyo muindasitiri yekutumira. Heano mamwe akakosha ruzivo nezve Ideal X:

Maiden Voyage: Iyo Ideal X yakatangwa muna Kubvumbi 26, 1956, uye rwendo rwayo rwekutanga rwakaitika musi waApril 26, 1956, kubva kuNewark, New Jersey, kuenda kuHouston, Texas. Rwendo urwu rwunotorwa senguva inokosha munhoroondo yezvifambiso zvemugungwa.

Container Ship Innovation: Ngarava iyi pakutanga yaive tangi remafuta, asi yakashandurwa kuita ngarava yemidziyo naMalcolm McLean, muzvinabhizimusi wekuAmerica uye mukuru wemarori. McLean anowanzo kunzi "Baba veContainerization" nekuda kwekuedza kwake kwekupayona mukugadzira uye kukurumbira kutakura kwemidziyo.

Containerized Cargo: Iyo Ideal X yakatakura 58 yakanyatsogadzirirwa midziyo yekutumira parwendo rwayo rwekutanga. Magaba aya aive akatakura zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvinosanganisira fenicha, michina, uye zvigadzirwa zvevatengi. Kushandiswa kwemidziyo yakamisikidzwa kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kushanda kwekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu.

Mhedzisiro paIndasitiri Yekutumira: Kubudirira kweiyo Ideal X uye pfungwa yekutakura midziyo yakashandura indasitiri yekutumira. Yakaderedza zvakanyanya mutengo wevashandi, yakakurumidza kubata kutakura zvinhu, uye yakaita kuti kutengeserana kwepasirese kushande uye kudhure. Containerization yakashandura nzira yekutakurwa kwezvinhu uye yakabatsira mukudyidzana kwepasi rose kwekutengeserana.

Basa raMcLean: Chiono uye kutsunga kwaMalcolm McLean kwakabatsira mukuvandudza kwekutakura kwemidziyo. Haana kungoshandura Ideal X chete asiwo akatanga Sea-Land Service, kambani yekutakura yakaita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera midziyo. Hutsva hwake mukugadzira midziyo uye michina yekubata yakabatsira kuumba indasitiri yemazuva ano yekutakura midziyo.

Nhaka: Rwendo rweIdeal X runowanzo kutaurwa sechinjo munhoroondo yezvekufambisa uye zvinhu. Containerization yave nzira yakajairwa yekutakura zvinhu pasi rose, zvichitungamira kune shanduko dzakadzama dzehupfumi uye zvinhu.

Nepo iyo Ideal X pachayo yanga isiri ngarava hombe yemidziyo maererano nemazuva ano, kukosha kwayo kuri pabasa rayo sengarava yekupayona yairatidza kugona uye kugona kwekutakura zvinhu zvinotakura zvinhu. Nhaka yeIdeal X inogona kuonekwa mungarava hombe dzemabhokisi dzava kufamba munyanza dzepasirese, dzakatakura zviuru zvemidziyo uye dzichityaira kutengeserana pasi rose.

Anowanzo shandiswa zvakare.

Midziyo yekare yekutakura inosiyana-siyana uye inogona kudzokororwa kuita zvakasiyana zvimiro uye mashandisiro. Heano mamwe ekugadzira uye anoshanda mazano ekudzoreredza midziyo yekare yekutakura:

Dzimba dzemidziyo: Midziyo yekutumira inogona kushandurwa kuita eco-hushamwari uye dzimba dzinodhura. Dzinogona kurongedzerwa, dzakabatanidzwa, uye dzakagadzirirwa kugadzira nzvimbo dzekugara dzakagadzikane nezvose zvinodiwa.

Container Mahofisi: Mabhizinesi mazhinji anoshandisa midziyo yakadzokororwa senzvimbo dzehofisi. Anogona kugadziridzwa kuti asanganise insulation, mahwindo, magonhi, uye magetsi masisitimu kuti agadzire nzvimbo dzebasa dzakagadzikana.

Retail Shops: Kutumira zvitoro zvezvitoro zvezvitoro kana pop-up zvitoro zvine fashoni uye zvinopa yakasarudzika aesthetic. Anowanzo shandiswa kutengesa zvipfeko, chikafu, zvinwiwa, uye zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana.

Maresitorendi neCafe: Makoni anogona kushandurwa kuita maresitorendi ane fashoni nemakofi, akazara nenzvimbo dzekugara, zvivakwa zvekubikira, uye ma counter counter. Ivo vakakurumbira kune nzvimbo dzekudyira dzekunze.

Art Galleries: Midziyo yekutakura inoita nzvimbo dzakanakisa dzemifananidzo yemifananidzo uye mashoo. Iyo compact, customizable dhizaini inobvumira kuratidza nyore kwemifananidzo.

Workshops uye Studios: Vanyori, mhizha, uye hobbyists vanogona kushandura midziyo kuita mashopu kana masitudiyo. Idzi nzvimbo dzinopa kuvanzika uye nzvimbo yakaparadzana yekugadzira.

Guesthouses: Midziyo inogona kushandiswa kugadzira dzimba dzevaenzi kana rendi dzezororo. Izvo zvinokurumidza kumisa uye zvinogona kuiswa munzvimbo dzinoyevedza.

Zvikoro uye Makirasi: Munzvimbo dzine zvivakwa zvishoma zvedzidzo, midziyo inogona kushandurwa kuita makirasi. Vanogona kuve vakashongedzerwa nemadhesiki, macheya, uye zvinhu zvekudzidzisa.

Medical Clinics: Midziyo yekutumira inogona kushanda semakiriniki ekurapa enhare, achipa hutano hwehutano munzvimbo dziri kure kana dzisina kuchengetedzwa. Vanogona kuve vakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekurapa uye zvivakwa.

Nzvimbo dzekuchengetera: Kana isina kushandurwa zvachose, midziyo inogona kushandiswa kune chinangwa chayo chepakutanga - kuchengetedza. Izvo zvakachengeteka uye zvinodzivirira mamiriro ekunze, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakuchengeta maturusi, midziyo, kana zvinhu zvemunhu.

Maswimming Pools: Midziyo inogona kushandurwa kuita madziva ekushambira nekusimbisa chimiro chavo, kuwedzera liner, uye kusanganisira filtration system. Iwo eco-hushamwari imwe nzira kune yechinyakare mu-ivhu madziva.

Gardens uye Greenhouses: Midziyo inogona kushandiswa kurima gadheni, kugadzira magadheni pamusoro pedenga remba, kana sedzimba diki dzekurima zvirimwa nemiriwo.

Maraibhurari: Munzvimbo dzisina maraibhurari, midziyo inogona kushandurwa kuita maraibhurari madiki enharaunda, achipa mabhuku nenzvimbo dzekuverengera.

Emergency Shelters: Munzvimbo dzine njodzi, midziyo inogona kukurumidza kuchinjwa kuva nzvimbo dzekugara dzechimbichimbi kuti dzipe pokugara kwenguva pfupi kune vanhu vakadzingwa.

Art Installations: Midziyo yekutumira inogona kushandiswa sechikamu chekumisikidzwa kwehunyanzvi, zvivezwa zvekunze, kana maratidziro anopindirana pazviitiko nemhemberero.

Kudzoreredza midziyo yekutakura haingopi chete nzira ine hushamwari nharaunda yekushandisa zvakare zvivakwa zvakasimba izvi asi zvakare inopa inochipa uye inovandudza mhinduro kune dzakasiyana siyana dzezvinangwa. Yavo modular hunhu uye kufamba kunoita kuti vagone kuchinjika kune dzakasiyana siyana zvinodiwa nenzvimbo.

 

Vanotakura nengarava kubva kumativi ose enyika uye vanofamba nezviuru zvenzira dzekutumira.

Kune zviuru zvenzira dzekutakura munyika, sezvo zvifambiso zvemugungwa chiri chikamu chakakosha chekutengeserana kwepasirese. Nzira dzekutumira dzinotarwa nemakwara anotorwa nengarava kutakura zvinhu nevafambi pakati pezviteshi zvepasirese. Idzi nzira dzinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya maererano nedaro, frequency, uye mhando dzekutakura.

Dzimwe dzenzira dzakabatikana uye dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzekutakura dzinosanganisira:

Trans-Pacific Nzira: Kubatanidza zviteshi muEast Asia (sezviya zviri kuChina neJapan) zvine zviteshi kumahombekombe ekumadokero kweNorth America (semuenzaniso, Los Angeles neLong Beach).

Nzira yeTrans-Atlantic: Kubatanidza zviteshi muEurope (semuenzaniso, Rotterdam neHamburg) ine zviteshi zvekumabvazuva kweNorth America (semuenzaniso, New York neSavannah).

Nzira yeSuez Canal: Kugonesa ngarava kupfuura nemuSuez Canal, inobatanidza Gungwa reMediterranean neGungwa Dzvuku uye ichipa nzira yekudimbudzira pakati peEurope neAsia.

Panama Canal Route: Kubvumira ngarava kudarika Panama Canal uye kufamba pakati peAtlantic nePacific Oceans, ine zviteshi zvakakosha kumativi ose maviri.

Nzira yeIndia Ocean: Kuvhara nzvimbo yakakura yeIndia Ocean uye kubatanidza zviteshi muSouth Asia, Middle East, uye East Africa.

Trans-Arctic Route: Ichiri kubuda sezvo aizi yeArctic inonyungudika, nzira iyi inodarika Arctic Ocean uye inopa nzira ipfupi pakati peEurope neAsia.

Nzira dzeIntra-Asian: Kuvhara nzira dzakasiyana mukati meAsia, kubatanidza zviteshi zvikuru munyika dzakaita seChina, South Korea, Japan, uye Southeast Asia nyika.

Nzira dzekuSouth America: Kubatanidza zviteshi pamwe nekumabvazuva nekumadokero kwemahombekombe eSouth America, pamwe nenzira dzinobatanidza South America nemamwe makondinendi.

Nzira dzeAfrica: Kubatanidza zviteshi pamwe nemahombekombe eAfrica uye kufambisa kutengeserana mukati mekondinendi uye nemamwe matunhu.

Intra-European Routes: Nzira dzekufukidza mukati meEurope, dzakadai sedziya dziri pedyo neGungwa reMediterranean, Gungwa reBaltic, uye kubatanidza nyika dzeEurope.

Iyi ingori mienzaniso mishoma, uye kune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzinopa kune zvakasiyana siyana zvekutengeserana uye kuyerera kwekutakura. Huwandu uye kuoma kwenzira dzekufambisa dziri kuramba dzichishanduka sezvo maitiro ekutengeserana achichinja, misika mitsva inovhurika, uye zvivakwa zvekufambisa zvinokura. Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzinogona kusiyana maererano nehunyanzvi hwavo, kubata chaiwo mhando dzekutakura, senge zvinhu zvakaiswa mumidziyo, zvinhu zvakawanda, kana mafuta emvura.

 

Kune zviuru zvezvikepe zvemabhokisi munyika.

Kune angangoita 5,500 kusvika 6,000 zvikepe zvemidziyo zviri kushanda pasi rese. Huwandu uhu hunogona kusiyana nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita sekuvaka ngarava nyowani, pamudyandigere, uye shanduko muindasitiri yekutumira yepasirese hutano uye kudiwa.

Zvikepe zvezvikepe zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva pazvikepe zvidiki zvekudyisa zvinoshandisa nzira dzemudunhu kuenda kumidziyo mikuru-huru yemidziyo (ULCVs) inokwanisa kutakura makumi ezviuru zvemidziyo. Ngarava dzemidziyo chikamu chakakosha chekutengeserana kwepasirese, kufambisa kufamba kwezvinhu pakati pemakondinendi nenyika.